Associations between workload, myosin isoforms and performance on professional male basketball. A 4 seasons follow up

The aim of this study was to determine associations between workload, myosin isoforms, and performance in professional basketball, by following the progress of a professional basketball team over four consecutive seasons. Thirty male professional basketball players (age, 27.6 ± 4.1 years;height, 200.1 ± 9.4 cm;weight, 98.5 ± 12.6 kg) from an elite professional basketball team participated in this retrospective observational study. To analyze muscle response and which types of fiber were most involved, fast and myosin in serum were evaluated from three blood samples taken during the season, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Parameters recorded were: exposure time,. Slow and fast myosins for muscle responses. Competitions won, ranking, and mean points scored for performance. Average values per season analysed were 280.1 ± 58 h of exposure to practice,1440.58±533.46µlmol/L of fast and 1178.75±427.75 µmol/L of slow myosin. Performance, assessed as team ranking was 6879.5 ± 985.37 u.a. per season and 90.72±2.79 u.a. per game, winning 7 competitions. Large negative relationships could be observed between slow myosins and exposure time (rho=−0.63;p=.02); There were possible associations between slow myosins and player mean performance per game (R2=0.98;p<.01) and team performance outcomes achieved (R2=0.83;p = 01) during these four seasons. Higher slow serum myosin values could be related to higher exposure time, and lower slow serum myosin values could be associated with better player and team performance. (AU)

Scoping review and quality of studies on the epidemiology of pickleball injuries

Pickleball is a sport that combines several elements of tennis, badminton and table tennis. It is played on a court similar to the badminton court and the objective of the game is to hit the ball over a net similar to the tennis net. During these years, its popularity has grown substantially in the United States of America and it has been a sport played by people of different ages. It is important to know the different injuries that can occur in this sport in order to prevent and treat them. The aim is to perform a scoping review following the PRISMA-SCR guidelines to identify the main health problems and injury characteristics suffered in pickleball athletes. A total of 4 articles from different databases were found based on the keywords and boolean operators: ("Pickleball") AND ("injury" OR "injuries" OR "pathology*" OR "illness*" OR " disease*"). The most common injuries that occur are sprains and strains, and they tend to belong to the old age. However, more epidemiological studies about pickleball injuries are needed. Few studies have been found where the data sources show limitations to subsequently be able to carry out epidemiological studies with more precision. Even so, the scientific evidence is limited to provide applicable and conclusive results and more studies are needed on this topic in pickleball. (AU)

Analysis of professional soccer players in competitive match play based on submaximum intensity periods.

The main objective of this study is to analyse sub-maximum intensity periods (SubMIP's) manifested by professional soccer players during official matches (number of events and time spent in each event), according to the player position, match halve and match, and also to group the players according to their SubMip values during the competition. Methods: We collected a total of 247 individual records of 14 players using Global Positioning System (GPS) during 15 official league matches (Azerbaijan Premier League 2019-2020). We calculated both the number of SubMIPs events and the time each player spent in the SubMIPs zone (threshold of 85% MIP). We analysed the possible independence of the variables with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the possible specific relationships between the groups using a post-hoc analysis with Dunn's test. In order to explore the possible distribution of physical demands in homogeneous groups, a cluster analysis was performed. Results: The statistical analysis showed significant differences between the individual variables in the number of events and in the time spent by the player above the threshold in distance covered at speed >19.8 km/h (HSR), distance covered at speed >25.2 km/h (Sprint), acceleration density (AccDens), mean metabolic power (MetPow), metres per minute (Mmin) and high metabolic load distance >25.5 W/kg (HMLD). Differences were also found according to the playing position in MetPow, Mmin and between halves in AccDens, MetPow, Mmin. In the clustering based on the time spent by the player in SubMIPs, three main groups were described: (1) the centroid was located in lower values in each of the variables; (2) there were an accentuation of the AccDens variable; (3) all the variables, except AccDens, were accentuated. Conclusions: The main differences with regard to SubMIPs were related to the player's individual physical performance and not to position. However, the player's position could act as an attractor and show significant differences during matches.

Evaluation of cognitive load in team sports: literature review.

In team sports, load management has become one of the most common areas of investigation, given that effective control over load is the key to being able to optimize performance and avoid injuries. Despite the constant evolution and innovation in the latest theories, we can see a clear tendency in load management that focuses on physiological and mechanical aspects and neglects its cognitive character, which generates the variability inherent in the performance of athletes in a changing environment. Indicators of response that inform methods of control over cognitive load can include cognitive, physiological and behavioral indicators. However, limited investigations exist to support the reliability of each indicator regarding cognitive load. For this reason, the objective of this literature review is to present strategies used to manage cognitive load in team sports, as well as the indicators utilized for such a proposition and their relationships in specific contexts.

Influence of Strength Programs on the Injury Rate and Team Performance of a Professional Basketball Team: A Six-Season Follow-Up Study.

This study aims to determine possible associations between strength parameters, injury rates, and performance outcomes over six seasons in professional basketball settings. Thirty-six male professional basketball players [mean ± standard deviation (SD): age, 30.5 ± 4.7 years; height, 199.5 ± 9.5 cm; body mass, 97.9 ± 12.9 kg; BMI 24.6 ± 2.5 kg/m2] participated in this retrospective observational study, conducted from the 2008-09 to the 2013-14 season. According to their epidemiological records, each player followed an individual plan designed within different strength training programs: Functional (n = 16), Eccentric (n = 8), or Resistance (n = 12). Seven hundred and fourteen valid records were obtained from 170 individual strength tests during 31 sessions. Tests performed were leg press, squat, and jerk. Parameters recorded were force, power, velocity, peak velocity, and time to peak velocity for strength; time loss injury and muscle injury for injury rate; and games won, games lost, and championships for performance outcomes. All the strength variables and injuries are independent of the strength programs (p < 0.01). The correlation analysis showed very significant relationships between muscular injuries and time to peak velocity (r = 0.94; p < 0.01), significant relationships between force and games lost (r = 0.85; p < 0.05), and muscular injuries with games lost (r = -0.81; p < 0.05) per season. Mean values per season described a possible association of force, time to peak velocity, and muscular injuries with performance outcomes (R 2 = 0.96; p < 0.05). In this specific context, strength variables and injury rate data show no association with a single type of strength training program in this cohort of high-performance basketball players.

Internal and External Load Control in Team Sports through a Multivariable Model.

Data related to 141 sessions of 10 semi-professional basketball players were analyzed during the competitive period of the 2018-2019 season using a multivariable model to determine possible associations between internal and external load variables and fatigue. Age, height, weight, sessional rate of perceived exertion (sRPE), summated-heart-rate-zones, heart rate variability, total accelerations and decelerations were the covariates, and post-session countermovement jump loss (10% or higher) the response variable. Based on the results observed, a rise in sRPE and accelerations and decelerations could be associated with increased lower-body neuromuscular fatigue. Observing neuromuscular fatigue was 1,008 times higher with each additional sRPE arbitrary unit (AU). Each additional high-intensity effort also increased the probability of significant levels of neuromuscular fatigue by 1,005 times. Fatigue arising from demanding sporting activities is acknowledged as a relevant inciting event leading to injuries. Thus, the methodology used in this study can be used then to monitor neuromuscular fatigue onset, also enhancing proper individual adaptations to training.

Relationship between injury risk, workload, and rate of perceived exertion in professional women's basketball

In order to better understand the possible relationships between the application of training loads and the risk of injury in professional women's basketball, four parameters from a professional women's basketball team (N = 11) were analysed: exposure time, number of injuries, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and workload (sRPE). A total of 3182h of exposure were registered, 2774 were training hours, and 408 were game hours with a total of 9 time loss injuries. The data obtained from each player was related to the exposure time, injury risk, perception of effort, and workload. Several differences were observed between the injury risk values and the morning RPE (F = 5.0811; p = .032), the sRPE of the morning practices (F = 7.3585; p = .010) and the total time of exposure (F = 3.5055; p=.064). There is also a significant negative relationship between total training time and the number of time-loss (TL) injuries (rho = - .797; p = .003), as well as a possible association between exposure time and a lower risk of TL injury (R2 = .645). These findings suggest that an increase in specific exposure time could be associated with a decrease in the risk of time-loss injuries

Con el objetivo de entender mejor las posibles relaciones entre la aplicación de cargas de entrenamiento y el riesgo de lesión en el baloncesto femenino profesional, se analizaron 4 parámetros de un equipo de baloncesto femenino profesional (N = 11): tiempo de exposición, número de lesiones, percepción del esfuerzo después de las sesiones entrenamiento (RPE) y carga de entrenamiento (sRPE). Se registraron 3.182 horas de exposición totales, de las cuales 2.774 fueron de entrenamiento y 408h de competición con un total de 9 lesiones "time-loss" (TL) que comportaron tiempo de actividad perdido. Se relacionan los datos obtenidos de cada jugadora relativos a tiempo de exposición, lesiones, percepción del esfuerzo y carga de trabajo. Se observan posibles diferencias entre los valores de lesionabilidad y RPE de las sesiones de entrenamiento de la mañana (F = 5,0811; p = 0,032), el sRPE de la mañana (F = 7,3585: p = 0,010) y el tiempo total de exposición (F = 3,5055; p = 0,064). Se observa también una relación significativa negativa entre tiempo total de entrenamiento y el número de lesiones TL (rho = -0,797; p = 0,003), así como una posible asociación entre el tiempo de exposición y una menor incidencia lesional TL (R2 = 0,645). Estos valores sugieren que un aumento del tiempo de exposición de carácter específico podría vincularse a la disminución del riesgo de lesiones "time-loss"

Conservative management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in professional basketball

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a common injury in basketball, having a difficult therapeutic approach because it requires an extended period of time to be resolved once it appears. Therefore, preventing the onset of this condition seems critical in maintaining athletes' health, and availability to compete. Because reducing training and competition volume in a professional team context is complex, the exercises presented here offer a good option for managing injured players without compromising their availability during the season. However, offseason and preseason periods are key to developing, protecting and strengthening the injured joint and its functionality for the competitive season

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Ankle Sprain Versus Muscle Strain Injury in Professional Men's Basketball: A 9-Year Prospective Follow-up Study.

BACKGROUND: Ankle sprain is the most common injury in basketball players. However, in our routine clinical evaluation, we observe a high frequency of muscle injury. Currently, no reliable information is available regarding the magnitude of these types of injury. PURPOSE: To describe the type and rate of muscle injuries in male basketball players and discuss clinical management and prevention strategies. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: A total of 59 professional male basketball players were evaluated over 9 seasons (2007-2015). All injuries during the study period were registered through use of a validated electronic medical record system. RESULTS: We analyzed 463 injuries, of which 207 resulted in time loss and 256 required medical attention, for a total exposure time of 42,678 hours for the 59 players involved in the study. Muscle strains and ankle sprains accounted for 21.2% (n = 98) and 11.9% (n = 55) of all injuries, respectively. The global incidence rate was 10.8 injuries per 1000 player-hours (95% CI, 9.9-11.9). The global injury burden was 53.9 days lost due to injuries per 1000 hours for a total exposure time. The incidence rate of muscle strains (2.3; 95% CI, 1.9-2.8) was higher than that of ankle sprains (1.3; 95% CI, 1-1.7). The incidence rate for muscle injuries for the entire study period was 1.8 times higher (95% CI, 1.28-2.49) than that for ankle sprains. CONCLUSION: In this study, muscle injuries were more commonly observed compared with ankle sprains. Prevention strategies for muscle injuries may be worth discussing.

Propuesta de protocolo de prevención primaria para distensiones en los isquiosurales en futbolistas / Proposal of a protocol for the primary prevention of hamstring strains in football players / Proposta d'un protocol de prevenció primària de les distensions dels isquiotibials de jugadors de futbol

La distensión en la musculatura isquiosural, principalmente en el bíceps femoral, es la lesión más común en el fútbol. A pesar de todos los estudios realizados sobre su prevención, la incidencia no se ve reducida. Las posibles causas son la incorrecta elección de los ejercicios para el desarrollo de la fuerza y la no consideración de las interrelaciones entre los factores de riesgo. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar los factores de riesgo que expone la literatura y hacer una propuesta específica de ejercicios para su prevención en esta modalidad deportiva, en función de la localización de la activación muscular

Hamstring strains, mainly in the femoral biceps, are the most common football injury. In spite of all the studies carried out on preventing these injuries, their incidence has not fallen. One of the possible causes of this is incorrect choice of strength exercises and the traditional reductionist vision that fails to consider the interrelation between risk factors. The aim of this article is to review the risk factors presented in the literature and propose a correct choice of exercises for prevention based on the location of muscle activation, as well as offering a multifactor description of risk factors

La distensió de la musculatura isquiotibial, principalment en el bíceps femoral, és la lesió més comuna del futbol. Malgrat tots els estudis fets sobre la prevenció d'aquestes lesions, no se'n redueix la incidència. Una de les possibles causes és l'elecció incorrecta dels exercicis de força i la visió tradicional reduccionista que no considera la interrelació entre els factors de risc. L'objectiu d'aquest article és revisar els factors de risc que presenta la bibliografia i proposar una elecció específica d'exercicis de prevenció, basada en la localització de l'activació muscular, així com oferir una descripció multifactorial dels factors de risc

Evidence-based post-exercise recovery strategies in rugby: a narrative review.

In the sport of rugby, athletes need a multitude of sport-specific skills along with endurance, power, and speed to optimize performance. Further, it is not unusual for athletes to play several competitive matches with insufficient recovery time. Rugby requires repeated bouts of high-intensity actions intermixed with brief periods of low-to-moderate active recovery or passive rest. Specifically, a match is characterized by repeated explosive activities, such as jumps, shuffles, and rapid changes of direction. To facilitate adequate recovery, it is necessary to understand the type of fatigue induced and, if possible, its underlying mechanisms. Common approaches to recovery may include nutritional strategies as well as active (active recovery) and passive recovery (water immersions, stretching, and massage) methods. However, limited research exists to support the effectiveness of each strategy as it related to recovery from the sport of rugby. Therefore, the main aim of the current brief review is to present the relevant literature that pertains to recovery strategies in rugby.

Low External Workloads Are Related to Higher Injury Risk in Professional Male Basketball Games.

The primary purpose of this study was to identify potential risk factors for sports injuries in professional basketball. An observational retrospective cohort study involving a male professional basketball team, using game tracking data was conducted during three consecutive seasons. Thirty-three professional basketball players took part in this study. A total of 29 time-loss injuries were recorded during regular season games, accounting for 244 total missed games with a mean of 16.26 ± 15.21 per player and season. The tracking data included the following variables: minutes played, physiological load, physiological intensity, mechanical load, mechanical intensity, distance covered, walking maximal speed, maximal speed, sprinting maximal speed, maximal speed, average offensive speed, average defensive speed, level one acceleration, level two acceleration, level three acceleration, level four acceleration, level one deceleration, level two deceleration, level three deceleration, level four deceleration, player efficiency rating and usage percentage. The influence of demographic characteristics, tracking data and performance factors on the risk of injury was investigated using multivariate analysis with their incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Athletes with less or equal than 3 decelerations per game (IRR, 4.36; 95% CI, 1.78-10.6) and those running less or equal than 1.3 miles per game (lower workload) (IRR, 6.42 ; 95% CI, 2.52-16.3) had a higher risk of injury during games (p < 0.01 in both cases). Therefore, unloaded players have a higher risk of injury. Adequate management of training loads might be a relevant factor to reduce the likelihood of injury according to individual profiles.

Effects of a trail mountain race on neuromuscular performance and hydration status in trained runners.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to examine the effects of a trail mountain race (TMR) on hydration status and neuromuscular performance of recreational trail runners, and to determine the relationship among these parameters, subject's characteristics and competitive performance. METHODS: Thirty-five male recreational trail runners (age 38.1±9.5 years; height 177.3±5.8 cm; body mass 73.8±8.4 kg) were assessed before and after a 21.1-km TMR. Hydration status (urine color [Ucol] and body mass [BM]) and neuromuscular performance (countermovement jump [CMJ] and rebound jumps [RJ]) were assessed. RESULTS: Significant changes following the TMR included RJ mean contact time (RJMCT) (12%, ES=-0.35, P<0.05) and dehydration status increases (BM reductions -2.7%, ES=0.24, P<0.001; Ucol: 147% increase, ES=-1.8, P<0.001). Low to moderate positive correlations were found between pre- and post-TMR BM (r=0.5-0.54; P<0.01), post-race Ucol (r=0.37; P<0.05), age (r=0.57; P<0.01) and TMR performance. Participants' age combined with Ucol and the RJMJH post-TMR, explained 65% of the variance in the final running time (r=0.81; P=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Participation in a 21.1-km TMR in recreational runners results in small reductions of the neuromuscular function and increases in dehydration levels. The hydration status (Ucol) and the RJMJH post-TMR combined with the runners' chronological age seemed to be good predictors of the final running performance.

Pautas generales en el proceso de readaptación al entrenamiento después de una lesión deportiva / General guidelines in the rehabilitation process for return to training after a sports injury

La readaptación a la práctica deportiva es el proceso interdisciplinar, específico e individualizado, que tiene como objetivo la óptima disponibilidad del deportista para la competición después de una lesión deportiva. Este proceso se lleva a cabo a partir del alta médica hasta el alta deportiva, e intervienen los diferentes profesionales del ámbito de la salud, liderados por el médico deportivo. Su planificación consta de 3 fases definidas por la acción muscular (isométrica, concéntrica y excéntrica), la cadena cinética (cerrada o abierta), la amplitud de trabajo (interna, media, externa y total) y la orientación de los ejercicios (general, dirigida y específica). La vuelta a la competición (return to play) debe ser consensuada a partir de información objetiva sobre la evolución de la lesión, el estado de forma, así como la propia percepción del deportista (AU)

Rehabilitation for return to training is an interdisciplinary, specific and individualized process that is geared towards the sportsman's optimal availability for competition after a sports injury. This process begins after medical discharge and continues up to the return to play, involving the different professionals in the field of healthcare and led by the sports physician. Planning consists of three phases, defined by muscular action (isometric, concentric and eccentric);kinetic chain (closed or open); range of movement (internal, medial, external and total);and exercise orientation (general, directed and specific). Return to play must be agreed upon on the basis of objective information on the recovery stage of the injury, the state of fitness, and the sportsman's own perception (AU)

The Relationship of Practice Exposure and Injury Rate on Game Performance and Season Success in Professional Male Basketball.

The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship among game performance, injury rate, and practice exposure in a professional male basketball team. A retroospective analysis of prospective collected data was conducted over seven consecutive seasons (2007/2008 to 2013/2014). Data collection included sports performance during competition (statistical evaluation), injury rate, and total exposure (games and practices). Over the surveillance period, 162 injuries (91 practice; 71 matches) occurred over 32,668 hours of exposure (556 games and 2005 practices). There was a strong positive correlation between: 1) exposure (total number of practices and hours of exposure) and the total number of injuries (r = 0.77; p = 0.04); 2) exposure (total hours of exposure and total hours of practice exposure) and performance (total team ranking) (r = 0.77 and p = 0.04, and r = 0.8 and p = 0.03, respectively); and 3) total number of injuries and performance (total team ranking) (r = 0.84; p = 0.02). While increasing practice and competition time is related to greater team performance, it also increases the number of injuries. However, higher injury rates were not associated with worse overall team performance. Efforts to reduce high-risk activity during practice, optimally replaced with injury prevention training, might help to reduce injury risk.

Influencia del pick and roll en el juego de ataque en baloncesto de alto nível / Influência do pick and roll no jogo de ataque em basquetebol de alto nível / The influence of pick and roll in attacking play in top-level basketball

El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las acciones del pick and roll y su influencia en el juego en baloncesto de alto nivel. Se analizó la eficacia táctica y de marcador en función de distintos factores que inciden en las situaciones de juego mediante un diseño observacional nomotético, puntual y multidimensional en 18 equipos de la liga ACB de baloncesto. Un instrumento observacional ad hoc (VTP&R) fue validado por un panel de 20 expertos de alto nivel y se comprobó la fiabilidad en la observación por parte de los investigadores. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante el análisis secuencial de retardos, el análisis de coordenadas polares y los estadísticos descriptivos cuantitativos. Del total de acciones analizadas (n=3895), el 25,3% se corresponden a pick and roll (n=984). Solo el 36,3% de las acciones de pick and roll se han mostrado eficaces en el marcador, mientras que el 85,7% lo son tácticamente. La interpretación de los resultados muestra el interés en complementar el análisis del juego en baloncesto a través de los mixed methods. La posibilidad de determinar qué acciones se realizan en cada momento del partido y de qué manera se ejecutan, así como establecer patrones de respuesta táctica en función de los distintos factores que intervienen en el juego, justifica la utilidad de los resultados aquí obtenidos y se concluye el interés en incorporar las distintas técnicas analíticas de la metodología observacional a los procesos de análisis del baloncesto (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as ações de pick and roll e a sua influência em basquetebol de alto nível. Analisou-se a eficácia tática e de marcador em função de distintos fatores que incidem nas situações de jogo mediante um desenho observacional nomotético, pontual e multidimensional em 18 equipas da Liga ACB de basquetebol. Um instrumento observacional ad hoc (VTP&R) foi validado por um painel de 20 experts de alto ní- vel e comprovou-se a fiabilidade na observação por parte dos investigadores. A análise de dados realizou-se mediante a análise sequencial de retardos, a análise de coordenadas polares e a estatística descritiva quantitativa. Do total das ações analisadas (n=3895), 25% corresponde a pick and roll (n=984). Só 36,3% das ações de pick and roll se demonstraram eficazes no marcador, enquanto que 85,7% o são táticamente. A interpretação dos resultados mostra o interesse em complementar a análise de jogo em basquetebol através dos mixed methods. A possibilidade de determinar que ações se realizam em cada momento do jogo e de que forma se executam, assim como estabelecer padrões de resposta tática em função dos distintos fatores que intervêm no jogo, justifica a utilidade dos resultados aqui obtidos e conclui-se o interesse em incorporar as distintas técnicas analíticas da metodologia observacional aos processos de análise de basquetebol (AU)

The objective of this study was to characterize 'pick and roll' actions and its influence on top-level basketball. Tactical and scoring efficiency was analysed depending on various factors that affected game situations using a multidimensional, punctual and nomothetic observational design from 18 teams in the ACB Basketball league. An ad hoc observational instrument (VTP&R) was validated by a panel of 20 senior experts and the accuracy of the results confirmed by the researchers. Data analysis was performed by lag sequential analysis, polar coordinates analysis and quantitative descriptive statistics. Of the total plays analysed (n=3895), 25,3% correspond to ‘pick and roll’ (n=984). Only 36,3% of the 'pick and roll' plays were effective on the scoreboard, while 85,7% were effective tactically. The interpretation of the results shows the interest in completing basketball game analysis through mixed methods. The ability to determine what actions are performed at any given moment of the game and how to execute and establish tactical response patterns depending on the various factors involved in the game, justifies the usefulness of the results obtained here and clearly illustrates the interest in incorporating different analytical techniques observational methodology to the analytical processes of basketbal (AU)